Introduction
Housing is one of the most basic of human needs. Provision of houses through the creation of
mortgages is taken for granted in developed countries; however, it remains a major challenge in
developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
All governments in Nigeria since independence highlighted housing as a major priority.
Unfortunately for over 47 years of its independence, Nigeria is yet to develop a vibrant mortgage
market and houses continue to be provided through the tortuous traditional method of buying land
and building over some years, which could be an individual’s entire life time. In many cases such
buildings are left uncompleted or individuals have to deplete their entire life savings in order to
build a home.
One of the major housing policy initiatives was the Policy on Affordable Housing that was initiated
in 1979 by the Shehu Shagari Administration. The policy though laudable was unable to meet the
nation’s housing needs because it was based on the unsustainable tenet that houses will be
provided by government (this remains the anomaly that we must resolve). The implementation of
the 2002 housing policy reforms was a promising beginning, but a lot remains to be done.
In a recent news report on the Nigerian Housing Sector aired on African Independent Television
(AIT), it was stated that between 1973 and 2006, the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) built only
30,000 housing units nationwide. According to Mr. Tunde Ipinmosho of the Federal Housing
Authority (FHA), the current housing deficit is about 12 million homes. If we take the current
population of 140 million Nigerians as reported by the National Population Commission after last
year’s census exercise and assume 30 percent of the population as working adults we have 42
million estimated working adults; assuming about 45 percent or 18.9 million of the working adults
qualify for mortgage loans, and assume an average house final selling price at about Naira 2.8
million for a 2-bedroom flat, the possible size of the mortgage market is close to Naira 53 trillion.
Looking at the statistics we see that there are tremendous opportunities in the Nigerian housing
sector waiting to be tapped. We should note that the government alone cannot fill the housing gap.
In order to fill the gap we would have to leverage on the resources available in the private sector,
while also encouraging foreign investment (in short government has no business building houses).
Government (federal and the sub-national governments) should focus on providing a favourable
investment climate, infrastructure, and mortgage insurance to first time home buyers and low-to
middle income families. We must however, note that there are challenges to harnessing the huge
potentials inherent in Nigeria’s housing sector, and invariably providing affordable housing in
Nigeria.
1. Legislation
The Land Use Act of 1978 which vests all land in the government is an obstacle to making land
available for housing development. It is heart warming to note that His Excellency President Umar
Yar’adua stated during the first few days of his administration that the Land Use Act will be
amended to make land transactions easier and make land available for all who want to genuinely
invest in the country. I urge the National Assembly and the 36 state governors including their
various state legislatures to support the President in the planned land reforms.
Nine (9) housing related reform bills were presented to the last legislature unfortunately, the bills
were not passed before the end of their tenure. Two additional bills on Securitization and
Foreclosure are expected to be added to the initial nine (9) bills. I would like to appeal to the
current legislature to pass the bills without further delay.
Though we talk of huge potentials in the Nigerian market, we should note that a difficult investment
climate where laws to protect the sanctity of contracts are far from adequate hampers private
sector participation and foreign investment.
2. Registering Property
According to the World Bank’s report “Doing Business in 2007 – How to Reform”, Nigeria’s reforms
have led to a reduction in the time required to complete the process of property registration from
274 to 80 days, but a lot still needs to be done because it takes only 1 day in some other countries
such as Norway and Singapore. We should however note that part of the reduction in time is likely
as a result of improvements in property registration which has been implemented in Abuja and in
Lagos as well. In fact the “Doing Business” indication of 80 days is based on a test case of property
registration in Lagos. I urge other state governments to replicate the improvements achieved in the
Abuja Geographic Information System (AGIS) and Lagos State in their various states. Investors are
comfortable in environments where registration is automated and procedures are minimal, and will
be glad to invest in such places.
Automation though important, should be accompanied by changes in work culture in government
registries. The time taken to register property must be substantially reduced. The current time
taken is definitely unacceptable if we want to attract private investment.
The fees paid to register property in Nigeria are extremely high and have some non-transparent
components. High fees add to the cost of houses and usually take such houses out of the reach of
people in the lower income bracket. We must devise ways of reducing fees paid by families at the
lower strata of the income ladder probably by exempting such families from paying fees or
instituting a tiered system to make such fees affordable.
The procedures required to register properties in Nigeria are numerous and presents many
opportunities for corruption. The report states that 16 procedures are required to register property
in Nigeria while in countries such as Norway and Singapore only 1 procedure is required.
3. Risk Sharing
Unfortunately in Nigeria there is no mechanism for risk sharing that will encourage banks and other
financial institutions to extend mortgage loans to people at the lower income level. Due to the
absence of a credit information database that financial institutions provide information to and can
get the credit history of all individuals from, Nigerian financial institutions settle for lending to the
rich.
A way out of this dilemma will be for government to provide guarantees in the form of mortgage
insurance to lenders for loans granted to first time buyers with no credit history and low-to middle
income families once such mortgage loans meet prescribed underwriting standards. In the event of
default the government indemnifies the lenders to a prescribed level.
The present situation we have in Nigeria is similar to what was prevalent in the U.S. until the
Roosevelt administration (1933 through 1945) established the Federal Housing Administration
(FHA) to provide insurance against mortgage defaults for lenders. This endeavour was taken by
both the United States FHA and the lenders and today the U.S housing finance system is used as
the model for most emerging mortgage markets. We should start thinking of re-organizing the
Nigerian FHA into a government sponsored mortgage insurance institution that will provide this
service. My personal opinion is that the Nigerian FHA should not be saddled with the responsibility
of building houses because this can be done by the private sector if the enabling environment is
created. Such insurance gives mortgage lenders some level of comfort and will encourage them to
extend the loans for longer periods to low-to middle income families.
To also provide liquidity, such insured mortgages may be securitized, that is, pooled by the FMBN
and sold in the domestic capital market to interested investors.
4. Absence of a National Credit Database
A nationwide credit database that can provide credit information of all individuals that enjoy
financial services in any form is not available. Though I have read in the newspapers that one is
about to be created with 9 local banks partnering with Dunn and Bradstreet, I believe that it is a first
step in the right direction, but all the banks and other financial institutions must be encouraged to
participate and share information freely. The behavioural tendency to hoard information should be
discouraged. Such database will in no small measure assist lenders in making their lending
decisions. This is something the regulators in the financial services industry must start thinking
about.
5. Stable Macroeconomic Environment
A stable macroeconomic environment is necessary to providing affordable housing. Lenders,
investors, and borrowers prefer a stable economy where decisions can be taken without any
apprehension. Inflation should be kept at manageable levels (preferably single digits), interest rates
must tend downwards, and other macro variables should be stable. As inflation and interest rates
decline, banks and pension funds will be encouraged to look less toward government securities
and more towards the private sector to invest their assets. Thus, mortgages and mortgage-based
investments would stand to benefit if the macroeconomic environment can continue to improve. We
should however note that the risk of fiscal expansion is still here with us and I encourage
cooperation between the fiscal and monetary authorities in sustaining a stable macroeconomic
environment. We also need to urge governments at the lower tiers of government to curb fiscal
expansion. The planned enactment of both the Public Procurement and Fiscal Responsibility Acts
in the 36 states of the federation gladdens my heart.
6. Knowledge Gap
Some call it lack of capacity, but I prefer to call it knowledge gap. The reality is that there is a
shortage of skilled manpower that can take the mortgage industry to the next level. Capacity has
not been built over the years because the mortgage sector did not really exist and the conditions
were not favourable for long-term lending as it would have led to asset-liability mismatch. We need
to build capacity in all aspects of the mortgage market and acquire the latest knowledge. We can
achieve this by partnering with established institutions in the developed countries such as the
International Finance Corporation (IFC), the International Housing Finance Program at the
University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton Business School etc. Moreover, when he announced the
African Mortgage Market Initiative in Abuja in 2003, U.S. President George Bush offered his
country’s assistance in developing Africa’s mortgage markets. In the context of the appropriate
market reforms in Nigeria, such assistance will be available from U.S. institutions such as the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC).
7. Dealing with Licenses
According to the Doing Business in 2007 report, in getting a licence such as construction permits or
approvals in Nigeria it takes 16 procedures which take an average of 465 days. There are usually
delays in receiving permits for construction. The procedures are complex and expensive. This
encourages illegal construction as well as squatter settlements with its attendant health and
environmental issues as we can see all around our cities in Nigeria such as Ijora Badiya and
Makoko in Lagos; Nyanya, Mararaba and some satellite towns in Abuja to name a few. Reforming
licensing requirements in Nigeria – particularly by reducing the processing time as well as
decreasing the costs – would not only increase the size of the formal construction sector but also
reduce the costs of housing construction, thereby increasing the availability of homes to a broader
segment of Nigerian society.
8. Taxes
One of the greatest barriers to large-scale provision of affordable housing is the tax burden. The
imposition of value added tax (VAT) at various levels of the housing-development process adds
significant costs as much as 35 percent to the cost of a house, even before titling fees and stamp
duties are taken into consideration. Tax holidays, deferrals or tax exemptions on materials or home
sales, or similar tax-related provisions have been used successfully in other countries for low- and
moderate-income families. These incentives can be used successfully in attracting investors into
the housing sector. Other countries have proven that when they reduce the tax burden on housing,
the number of transactions increases, and total housing related fiscal revenues either increase or
remain the same.
9. Enforcing Contracts
According to the Doing Business in 2007 report, there are 23 procedures taking an average of 457
days and account for 27 percent of the claims to be received in enforcing contracts in Nigeria. The
absence of a foreclosure law has been cited by some investors and local banks as the reason for
not investing in the housing sector. Though the incidence of foreclosure in most countries
(especially with regard to low-and middle-income families) is generally quite low, it is important for
investors to know that they can take possession of their collateral and recover their loans as
quickly as possible. Investors can even live with a lengthy foreclosure process, but they must have
confidence that the laws will be enforced fairly and in a transparent manner. Lagos state is
establishing special courts for this and should be applauded. Evidence from other countries has
shown that implementing “non-judicial foreclosure” used solely for mortgage contracts is a
necessity for the establishment of a secondary market.
10. High Cost of Building Materials
A key factor that has led to the high construction cost in Nigeria has been the restriction on the
importation of cement, which by account constitutes about 40 percent of building materials, if not
more. While Nigeria does not produce enough cement domestically to meet demand, imports have
been restricted and subject to a process of quota allocation. This has led to sharp increases in the
price of cement.
However, there are signs of positive change in government policy on cement imports, such as the
reopening last September of the Ibeto Cement Factory, an importing entity. In order to bring down
materials costs and stimulate construction, as well as make housing more affordable to the
Nigerian population, the government should continue its reconsideration of restrictions on the
importation of cement and other building materials. Another alternative we could explore in the
long-run is to conduct more research on how we can use local materials such as clay and other
local building materials.
11. Infrastructure
Another major challenge to providing affordable housing is the lack of primary infrastructure such
as roads, water, electricity etc, which accounts for about 30 percent of housing costs. In most
cases developers have to provide the infrastructure which invariably increases the cost of the
houses they produce thus making such houses unaffordable. The three tiers of government should
not shy away from their responsibility of providing primary infrastructure if we must achieve our
goal of providing affordable housing. The infrastructure projects could be financed by issuing bonds
and will also provide a future income stream for government through municipal fees that will be
paid by home owners.
Conclusion
The goal of providing affordable housing can be achieved, but the necessary ingredients have to
be put in place. Investors can work in difficult environments in the short-term if there is convincing
evidence that reforms that will improve the investment climate will be implemented as quickly as
possible. The 11 housing reform legislations must be passed without further delay. We must keep
working at improving the investment climate, and this can be achieved by just studying what other
countries have done and implementing international best practices. In doing this we must not miss
the goal of ensuring macroeconomic stability, such as keeping inflation and interest rates down.
I will also like to reiterate the importance of risk sharing. It is important that Government provides
mortgage insurance to first time home buyers who do not have credit history and to low-to middleincome
families in order to achieve our aim of providing affordable housing. Like I earlier said it is
an anomaly for government to take on the responsibility of building houses because experience
has shown that it is unsustainable in the long-run. The Nigerian Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
could be restructured to become the government sponsored entity that will be responsible for
providing mortgage insurance while the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN) can pool the
insured mortgages and sell them in the capital market to provide liquidity.
Lastly reconsideration of the restriction on the importation on building materials should continue,
and we must conduct more research on how we can use local building materials. I also urge the
government to think seriously about providing primary infrastructure because it should not be a
developer’s responsibility if we are serious about providing affordable housing. The present method
of funding infrastructure projects through the annual budgets only results in having uncompleted
projects when revenues fall short of expectation as has been the experience in nation’s history.
The capital market can be a good source of providing long-term funds through the issuance of
bonds and other financial instruments to finance infrastructure projects.
Thank you!
Challenges to Providing Affordable Housing in Nigeria
By Akeju, Ajibola Andrew
Economic Specialist
US Embassy, Abuja
Being a Paper Presented at the 2nd Emerging Urban Africa
International Conference on Housing Finance in Nigeria,
Held at Sehu Yar’adua Center Abuja, October 17-19, 2007
